Appointment of Officials
-    If “Officer of the United States” must be appointed pursuant to the appointment clause (Buckley v. Valeo)
-    appointed by president and confirmed by Senate
-    officer means exercises authority pursuant to laws (Buckley)
-    if employee (inferior officer) may be appointed by president department head, or court NOT Congress
-    Congress can appoint officials who aid legislative process
-    members of Congress cannot serve as administrative officials (Art. 3 , 6)