Informal Rulemaking (553)
-    notice
-    rule can’t exceed notice (Wagner Elec. Corp. v. Volpe) unless consistent with original scheme (South Terminal v. EPA)
-    comment
-    must provide notice of any data upon which the agency relies (U.S. v. Nova Scotia)
-    word “hearing” in statute doesn’t mean formal rulemaking/oral presentation (Florida E. Coast Railway)
-    no ex parte contacts
-    no explicit ban in APA – basically need to disclose
-    Rule (HBO v. FCC)
-    must disclose to public when they form basis for action
-    prohibited between formal notice of rulemaking and decision-making
-    motivations irrelevant, just need reason (Sierra Club v. Costle)
-    just have to show considered info. not how long or hard (Morgan IV)
-    decision maker disqualified if has “unalterably closed mind” (See Assoc. of Nat’l Advertisers v. FTC)
-    publication in Federal Register
-    under Vermont Yankee, courts may not require agencies to add to procedures not specified in APA or statute