penalty enhancing statues:  Wis. v. Mitchell 9-0
i)    okay b/c we are punishing criminal conduct, not speech & not for abstract beliefs
ii)    but gov’t may not introduce evidence of affiliation w/ hate group (KKK) in a criminal trial b/c unrelated to crime & violates freedom of ass’n  (Dawson v. Delaware)
iii)    still must have a direct causal connection between the motivation (beliefs) and the crime