Presidential Discretion
-Analyze presidential authority through Youngstown framework
-Jackson concurrence
-1) Express or implied statutory authority – highest power
-2) Contrary to Congress’s express or implied power – lowest authority
-3) No Congressional grant or denial – middle ground
-Shows that Congressional policy determines presidential power
-Can make law through executive orders (e.g., Emancipation proclamation; enemy combatants) – need authority from constitution or statutes
-law straight out
-add substantive authority to agency
-exercise coordination (e.g., coordinate things related to auto industry)
-Environmental Defense Fund v. Thomas (D.D.C. 1986): OMB can’t engage in activities to increase delay
-OMB held up EPA regulation by reviewing it
-Can’t sue president under APA